Application of Visible-Residue Limit for Cleaning Validation
October 2nd 2005Formulation residue, observer viewing distance, light intensity, viewing angle, observer viewing position, and observer-to-observer variability affect the ability to confirm the cleanliness of manufacturing equipment.
Frequency Modulation Spectroscopy
October 2nd 2005Frequency modulation spectroscopy is a nondestructive technology for determining the water activity of pharmaceutical samples. This article discusses the various pharmaceutical applications of frequency modulation spectroscopy, offers comparisons with various traditional water activity measurement techniques, and presents an assessment of various instrument performance elements.
Scale Up of a Granulation Phenomenon
October 2nd 2005Although agitation improves drying efficiency and ensures uniformity of the final dry material, it can also affect the physical properties of the product as it dries. This study evaluates the effect of scale up and equipment selection on an active ingredient undergoing granulation during the drying process.